A comparative analysis of changes in the linear trends and standard deviations of temperature in different months of the year in different latitudinal and longitudinal zones of the globe with reference to the peculiarities of the general atmospheric circulation during the period of the most rapid climate warming (1990–2023) and the preceding period of the same duration (1956–1989) had been carried out.
The peculiarities of changes in the linear trends and standard deviations of temperature in each of the three synoptic regions of the Northern hemisphere and in the region of the seasonal Siberian maximum of atmospheric pressure were considered separately.
Taking into account the Arctic increase in climate warming in recent decades, special attention was paid to the study of changes in the magnitude of linear trends and temperature variability in the high-latitude zones of the globe with a focus on analysing their differences in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
The reasons for the increase in the positive temperature trends at high latitudes of the Northern hemisphere during the period of modern climate warming (1990–2023) due to the increase in the inflows of apparent and latent heat in the Arctic ocean during the last few decades during ice formation in the autumn period were considered. Confirmation of the previously revealed shift of the maximum rates of temperature growth in the north polar cap to August-November had been obtained.

The article presents research results on soil moisture assessment on agricultural lands of Belarusian Lake District (Poozerye) based on the data of the network of hydrometeorological observations for 1989–2022. The dynamics of productive moisture reserves in the 0–20 cm layer is estimated. The duration of soil droughts and the recurrence of years with soil drought by month in the territory of Belarusian Lake District has been estimated. For the first time, information about waterlogging of the soils of the studied territory has been obtained. Excessive soil moisture is most pronounced in early spring and late autumn periods on heavy and medium loams soils – Yezerishte, Sharkovshchina, Vitebsk, Verkhnedvinsk. The lowest frequency of excessive moisture is observed in sites on light sandy loam soils – Lyntupy and Senno). It has been established that in Belarusian Lake District there is a tendency to decrease the duration of excessive moisture. Nevertheless, despite a number of dry years, soil waterlogging dominates and is observed in almost all years. The average number of decades with soil waterlogging is more than twice as high as the number of decades with drought, which highlights the predominance of soil waterlogging during the growing season in the territory of Belarusian Lake District compared to soil droughts.

The paper considers the influence of atmospheric circulation forms according to Wangenheim – Girs on the wind regime of the territory of Belarus. Maps of average annual wind speeds for circulation epochs are constructed. For the meridional circulation epoch, the most typical are average annual wind speeds from 3.81 to 4.20 m/s, with the eastern circulation form – from 3.01 to 3.60, with the western form – from 2.41 to 3.20 m/s. The fields of average annual wind speeds for the eastern and western forms of atmospheric circulation are similar. The analysis of the statistical significance of the differences in average annual wind speeds between circulation epochs showed significant differences between all circulation epochs.
As a result of the analysis of the sample average repeatability of wind directions for eight rhumbas between the E + C and E circulation epochs, the maximum differences (70.59 %) are characteristic of the southern wind direction, the share of which significantly increases during the eastern circulation epoch. Between the E + C and W epochs, the differences in the repeatability of wind directions are expressed more clearly: the maximum differences are characteristic of the southeastern (76.47 %) and southern (82.35 %) directions. The differences between the variability of wind directions between the E and W circulation epochs are expressed less clearly.

The possibilities of using satellite earth remote sensing (ERS) data for a differentiated assessment of the structure, condition and efficiency of green areas in cities are analyzed on the example of large Belarusian city Gomel. An approach is proposed for the combined use of ERS data and city GIS project differentiated by the types of urban geotechnical systems (GTS). The vegetation cover of the urban areas of various functional zones was assessed using Sentinel-2 images with the calculation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) and the greening degree (%). An assessment of the relationship between vegetation indices and carbon deposition by urban ecosystems was made on the basis of the sub-satellite studies at test sites of the structure and state of vegetation in the main types of urban ecosystems of Gomel. The assessment was used to create a differentiated map of CO2 deposition by vegetation in various GTS of Gomel.
A differentiated assessment of the daytime land surface temperature (LST) of Gomel GTS was carried out using Landsat images and GIS project data. The significant negative relationships have been found between the averaged for the time of survey LST values and the LAI and the greening degree values in various types of GTS of the large city. The coefficients of the determination of the relationships of the average LST values with the average LAI values and the greening degree of all GTS sections in the city were equal to 0.41 and 0.48, respectively.

The spatiotemporal characteristics of five land use types – arable land, forests, meadows, wetlands and water bodies – over an area of 8100 km2 in the influence zone of the Soligorsk Potash Plant in Belarus using four vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI, SAVI and GCI) based on Sentinel-2A remote sensing data (March – September 2023) are analyzed in the article. The study was conducted on nine territorial blocks in the ArcGIS environment with the accuracy of land type interpretation using the weighted average method for 900 representative plots. The obtained results made it possible to refine the models for interpreting land use structure based on the share of land types, as well as the dynamics of vegetation indices during the growing season. The coefficients of determination (R2) of the four vegetation indices for forest, arable and meadow lands are as follows: NDVI (0.78–0.82) > GNDVI (0.75–0.80) > SAVI (0.73–0.79) > GCI (0.69–0.77). Spatial analysis of the NDVI and GNDVI indices specifies a significant influence of soil moisture within the boundaries of meadow lands, the role of agricultural intensity on arable lands and insufficient sensitivity of the SAVI index for interpreting water bodies and wetlands. The research results made it possible to assess the spatial heterogeneity of land use in the mining region for subsequent analysis of land and soil resource degradation processes.

The assessment of the geoecological potential of natural complexes of 76 small towns in Belarus is presented. Its methodological justification is proposed, which is based on the joint consideration of the factors of its formation (natural stability of natural complexes, the degree of their preservation and anthropogenic impacts). Assessments have been made on the factors of formation and on the magnitude of geoecological potential of small towns in Belarus, their corresponding groupings have been carried out. The dependence of the potential on the natural and landscape conditions of the location of cities has been revealed. The lowest level of potential has been established in the case of their confinement to loess landscapes, hilly-moraine-erosion, alluvial-terraced and undivided river valleys. Priority areas of activity for the optimization of the urban environment have been determined.

Based on the research results of heavy metals (HM) content in urban wastewater sludge (UWWS) of treatment facilities in nine cities of the Brest region, their polluting potential for local soils was assessed using the concentration coefficient (КС in relation to the local background) and the hazard coefficient (Ко in relation to hygienic standards).
Compared to the regional background, a high degree of enrichment in zinc is shown – 36.0–717.1 times, copper – 32.1–567.6, nickel – 4.8–138.6, chromium – 2.0–147.6, which indicates high polluting potential of the studied cities. The ranked series of the average concentration coefficients of HM in the UWWS in relation to the sub-regional background and the hazard coefficients of HM in the UWWS for 9 cities under consideration are presented. It has been shown that in small towns, the polluting potential of UWWS is provided to the greatest extent of zinc (49–56 %) and to a lesser extent by copper (26–38 %). In medium-sized cities, the contribution of zinc to the polluting potential of the UWWS is decreasing and the proportion of copper is increasing. In Brest, which is one of the major cities, the polluting potential of UWWS is mainly associated with zinc (42 %) and copper (32 %), to a lesser extent with nickel (12 %) and chromium (8 %).

Bottom sediment is the material of long-term substance sedimentation under the influence of physical and chemical processes occurring within a water body. Sediments act as indicators of quality and determine the state of the water body, since they are alluvial deposit that accumulate pollutants. Bottom sediments contain heavy metals that may prevent the use of sediment after removal, if their concentrations exceed the permitted limits. Since sediment can’t be attributed to any other natural features such as soil or sapropel, it is necessary to identify methods for the analysis of heavy metals specifically in sediments.
Bottom sediments of surface water resources are selected as research objects – the Loshitsa river (Minsk), Reservoir Chizhovsky, the Titovka river (Marjina Horka, Minsk region) and as background water object – Sergeevskoye lake (Sergeyevichi agro-town, Minsk region).
Sediment samples were examined for moisture, soiling samples. The composition of the samples was investigated by means of an elemental analysis with a clarification of the bonds by IR spectroscopy. The anthropogenic impact on sediment was assessed according to heavy metal content – Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Mn, using methods of extractometric photometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy and wet ozone to identify heavy metal forms, related to organic matter. Anthropogenic loading was calculated by the geochemical criteria of igeoclasses Igeo.
It was found that the most heavy metal pollution (Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni) occurred in reservoir Chizhovsky. Geo-accumulation index for Cu was 0,43 (reservoir Chizhovsky, coastal zone), for Pb – 0,31 (reservoir Chizhovsky, center), for Cr maximum was 1,92 (reservoir Chizhovsky, center), for Ni maximum is 1,53 (reservoir Chizhovsky, center).

The article presents the results of studying the parameters of the process of composting sewage sludge with the OPMW (temperature, humidity, density, carbon to nitrogen ratio, organic matter content, acidity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) and the composition of the resulting compost.
The temperature and humidity indicators in the pile of urban SS and the OPMW corresponded to the optimal conditions for the vital activity of aerobic microorganisms participating in composting.
During the maturation of the compost, an increase in the density of the composted mixture and a decrease in the carbon to nitrogen ratio were observed. Also, during the process of biological oxidation in the composted mass, the concentration of organic matter decreased and the content of nutritional elements increased.
As a result of composting sewage sludge with the OPMW, compost was obtained that is suitable for use as an organic fertilizer for planting forestry crops along roads, in forest and ornamental nurseries, floriculture, landscaping, and in the reclamation of disturbed lands.

The geo-migration modelling of the change in underground waters quality on the territory of Lesnaya- Muhovets interfluve in the zone of the water intake influence of Brest city has been done. According to the results of the modelling the forecast maps of the underground water pollution of ground, Paleogene-Middle Quaternary and Oxfordian-Cenomanian aquiferous water complexes (AWC) for the period from 5 up to 100 years during the natural regime of underground waters filtration and in the condition of the central water intake operation of Brest city have been created.
It has been established that temporary pollution migration in natural conditions is utterly slowly. The ground, Paleogene-Middle Quaternary and Oxfordian-Cenomanian AWC undergo to pollution during a forecasting period. Upper Proterozoic-Lower Cambrian AWC being in the zone of impaired water exchange does not undergo to a negative impact.
The water intakes of Brest city have not made a significant influence on the scopes of the underground waters pollution of the ground and Paleogene-Middle Quaternary AWC. The main changes connected to the exploited Oxfordian-Cenomanian AWC. Underground waters sampling from this complex in an amount of 221.7 thous. m3/day increases the pressure flow gradients and accordingly underground waters speed motion. During 100 years pollution forecast forefront from ‘Zapadny’ pig breeding complex can reach ‘Zapadny’ water intake line
Obtained modelling results have interest for the grounding of arrangements management on underground waters condition on the territory of Lesnaya and Muhovets rivers water catchment area.

The present article analyzes hydrogeological factors that influence the comfort of the human habitat in a large region – Central Belarus. It considers the main features of the formation of the underground hydrosphere characteristics in natural conditions and in situations of concentrated technogenic impact, expressed in the pollution of groundwater, as well as pressure waters associated with deeper aquifers; in the depletion of groundwater resources as a result of their withdrawal at the locations of water intakes and individual wells.
Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the features of the interaction of underground unconfined (ground) waters and surface water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs), as well as the impact of the groundwater level regime on the state of engineering structures.
It is shown that hydrogeological factors that determine the conditions for the formation of resources and the quality of fresh groundwater are among the most important influencing the comfort of the human habitat. They are important to take into account when conducting ecological and geological studies and mapping.

The article presents the results of experimental work on the borehole hydraulic production of sapropel
located under peat. The researches was carried out at Gala-Kovalevskoye and Kobylitskoye peat deposits located in Pukhovichi district of Minsk region. The work takes into account the results of theoretical calculations previously performed by the authors, which made it possible to select commercially available equipment for research conducting in field conditions. In this case, the calculations were based on real initial data that were generated at the experimental site of Gala-Kovalevskoye peat deposit.
It was established during the sapropel extraction of carbonate type with the moisture content of 76.3 %, the productivity of Denzel PX-50H high-pressure motor pump at water supply into the sapropel deposit is equal to 23 m3/h that corresponded to the productivity the suction of DDE PTR 50K motor pump. When extracting sapropel of organic type with а moisture content of 91.0 %, the capacity of Denzel PX-50H motor pump should not exceed 18–20 m3/h.
It was found that the flow rate of water in a 50 mm diameter injection hose when feeding it into a container is 3.6 m/s, and into a sapropel deposit – 3.2 m/s. The flow rate of the sapropel pulp in the transport hose is 3.1 m/s.
It is shown that the excess pressure in sapropel created by Denzel PX-50H high-pressure motor pump is 6 bar, which ensures the erosion of the sapropel deposit at a distance of 1.50 m from the well. It was determined by calculation that the critical dynamic pressure required to destroy carbonate sapropel is 0.13 MPa. Taking into account the pressure created by Denzel PX-50H motor pump, the maximum destruction distance is 1.87 m.
The presented calculations allow us to select equipment with other technical characteristics that meet the conditions of hydraulic extraction of sapropel in deposits of various types.

The article describes the methods of the experimental studies of the characteristics of soil freezing in accordance with the developed mathematical models of the authors. At the preliminary stage of research on the samples of relatively small size in a closed moisture-exchange system it is proposed to determine the influence of temperature regime, humidity, density and the presence of salts in pore solution on the main characteristic of moisture transfer during soil freezing – the coefficient of the thermal moisture conductivity of the frozen zone Km. The use of this coefficient, which is numerically equal to the moisture flux from the thawed zone to the frozen zone at a single temperature gradient, makes it possible to calculate moisture redistribution and frost heave in regard to the dynamics of the temperature field in the freezing ground.
The next stage of research is carried out at an installation with the open system of moisture exchange on cylindrical samples with the diameter and height of 100 mm. The specified ratio of dimensions with good lateral thermal insulation ensures their one-dimensional freezing. The created installation allows to realize different variants of the research of mass transfer and frost heaving characteristics, as well as maximum frost heaving pressure depending on the temperature on the cooled surface and conditions of the sample feeding with moisture or salt solution.

The granulation of peat samples of various humidity was carried out by extrusion on screw and matrix granulators. It was found that for granulation on a screw granulator, the optimal humidity is in the range of 60–73 %, and for a matrix (pellet) – 21–35 %. It is shown that in terms of sorption properties and absorption rate from the gas phase of an aqueous solution of ammonia, water and ammonia, samples of granular peat are more effective than the original peat. The study of absorption kinetics has shown that, along with the mechanism of direct interaction of ammonia with carboxylic, phenolic and other reactive groups of peat organic matter, a significant contribution to the total absorption of ammonia is made by the fixation of ammonia due to less strong forms of bonding. Chemically, i. e., about 8 % of the sorbed ammonia is fixed in the exchange and in the form of inactive chemical compounds. Spectral methods have confirmed that the binding of ammonia by peat is due to a strong ion-exchange interaction with free carboxyl groups until they are almost completely replaced by ammonium ions, as well as the formation of hydrogen bonds of ammonia with the structural matrix of peat. The effect on the sorption and water-physical properties of the diameter of granules obtained by extrusion on a screw granulator has been established: with an increase in the diameter of granules, water absorptionм

The influence of straw, flax, and sawdust additives, as well as bio sludge from biogas plants on the transformation of organic matter during biotechnological processing has been studied. It is shown that the group composition of the studied mixtures changes with the increase of humic substances (HS) content by 3.5–39.8 % and decrease of difficult hydrolysable HS content by 35.0–79.9 % for all the studied compositions in comparison with the initial one. In the process of composting of mixtures, the content of water-soluble substances (WSS) decreased in variants with sawdust and straw by 15.3 and 3.9 %, and in variants with bio sludge and flax thistle the content of WSS increased by 18.3 and 1.8 %, respectively. For all investigated compositions, except for the variant with straw, the increase of humic acid (HA) content in aqueous extracts with increasing drying temperature of organomineral fertilizer granules is characteristic. The maximum HA content is observed in aqueous extracts of fertilizer granules based on compost with straw and amounts to 2.39 % of dry matter. In the variant with bio sludge, the content of HA in aqueous extracts was 1.37 and 1.85 % at the drying temperature of granules 90 and 110 ºC, respectively, which allows us to recommend the obtained biocomposts based on secondary raw materials for the production of granular organomineral fertilizers.

The use of complex liquid fertilizers, including those with microelements and biologically active additives, is a modern agrochemical technique and an important factor in increasing yields, improving the quality and microelement composition of agricultural products. The authors have developed a technology of liquid humate-containing fertilizer “Tesoro” obtaining by introducing nitrogen, potassium and microelements compounds of important biological significance for plants into humic preparation. The study of the chemical composition of the fertilizer showed the presence in its composition, in addition to nutrients, biologically active compounds, including humic substances, low-molecular organic acids, phenolcarboxylic acids with growth-stimulating properties, and a wide range of macro- and microelements, many of which are necessary for growth, development and increased productivity of plants. Agrochemical tests of new “Tesoro” fertilizer showed that its use in tomato, cucumber and green crops cultivation in open and protected soil contributed to morphometric parameters of plants improvement, increase in yield, the growth of fruit marketability and the reduction of nitrate accumulation in vegetable products compared to control and reference – Gumirost liquid fertilizer.

A method for increasing the yield of fulvic acids from peat raw materials is proposed. On the basis of studies of group composition of the most typical and widespread peats in Belarus it is shown that humic acids contain up to 45 % of organic matter in them, while the yield of fulvic acids is low and contains about 15 % in the most humified samples. In order to use fulvic acids for practical purposes it is necessary to develop methods to increase their yield from raw materials. Oxidative destruction of peat by hydrogen peroxide was carried out as the most effective, easy to implement and not polluting the reaction medium with oxidizing by-products.
Hydrogen peroxide in the amount of 0.9–1.0 mass parts in relation to peat dry mass was applied to sedge and downy peat with the degree of decomposition of 30–35 %, moisture content in the range of 40–70 %, with the fractional injection of 10–25 % of the full dose followed by thorough mixing. The amount of water- and acid-soluble compounds significantly increases in the preparations obtained after treatment. The technique of the estimation of the amount of soluble substances after peat oxidative destruction, the yield of which was more than 20 %, was developed.

The phytotoxic properties of preparations obtained from peat raw materials by the method of oxidative destruction depending on the type of peat and the shelf life of the preparation have been studied in the work. n. It was found that fulvic-like compounds isolated from high-moor peat had a stimulating effect on the roots of the test object, while compounds isolated from lowland peat showed either a weak toxic effect or had no effect. It was found that the shelf life of the developed dry preparations affects their phytotoxic properties by reducing the germination energy of test cultures. It is noted that the germination energy of fulvic-like compounds after 6 years of storage was 1.12–1.16 times higher compared to the 12-year-old preparation.

The article summarizes the possible options for the use of fine iron-containing production wastes, which include scale, dust from cleaning systems, sludge, slag and others. Such wastes are characterized by different composition, periodically, in small quantities are formed at many enterprises, which makes it difficult to collect and process them. To analyze the possibility of using these wastes as raw materials, scientific papers, including those included in Scopus and Web of Science databases, have been analyzed. It is shown that the technologies developed to date in foreign countries allow to use fine iron-containing wastes as raw materials in various industries to obtain target products: bricks and radiation-protective functional composites, concrete mixtures, sorbents, coagulants and pigments.