Ordered long-term advection of air from one latitudinal and longitudinal zones to neighboring ones is the main factor in the occurrence of long-term climatic anomalies. A prerequisite for this is the stability of the processes of general atmospheric circulation.

 The aim of the work is to establish the relationship between atmospheric pressure and climatic anomalies using NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 data of geopotential values on an isobaric surface of 1000 hPa and dates of severe and warm winters. As an indicator of geopotential variability, the values of standard deviations of geopotential values for each of the winter months of the year were used.

The emphasis in the work is on studying these changes in geopotential deviations in various latitudinal and longitudinal zones. On this basis, an analysis of the spatiotemporal variability of the geopotential on the isobaric surface  of 1000 hPa in the winter months was carried out, and the maximum gradients of the geopotential 1000 hPa ‘subtropics – temperate and subpolar latitudes’ were determined for the period from 1949 to 2021. These gradients have a clear physical meaning and determine, in fact, the intensity of westerly transport of air masses in mid-latitudes and the severity  of winters in the Atlantic-European sector of the Northern Hemisphere.

The joint analysis of Earth remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) project differentiated by type of geotechnical systems (GTS) for the territory of the city of Mogilev, explored the features of the influence of vegetation cover on the land surface temperature (LST) in various types of GTS of a large city. As part of landscaperecreational territories, the lowest average LST values were recorded in forest ecosystems of the city of Mogilev. They are followed by reserved green areas, located mainly in river valleys, then – parks and small landscape forms. In the class of built-up areas, the highest average LST values were related to industrial and communal structures. They were lower in residential multi-apartment, public and in areas of unfinished construction. Residential estate was characterized by the lowest average LST. It is shown a feedback between LST and various characteristics of vegetation cover obtained from remote sensing data. Correlation of average LST with average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) and the degree of greening for all type system in the city are estimated from –0.6 to –0.7. Stronger feedbacks were noted for reserved green areas (mainly by trees and shrubs in river valleys) varying from –0.7 to –0.8. The connections are weakening in the GTS of residential multi-apartment buildings (up to –0.5 and 0.6), in the GTS of industrial and communal areas (from –0.4 to –0.6) and forests (from –0.3 to –0.6).

Road transport is a significant contributor to atmospheric air pollution, and accurate estimates of emissions are crucial for understanding and managing air pollution. This paper presents a bottom-up approach for estimating annual emissions based on vehicle mileage modeling with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km for the entire territory of Belarus. The study highlights the high spatial heterogeneity and differences in the territorial structure of emissions of various pollutants. It also identifies the contribution of roads of different levels and categories of vehicles that form them. The emission densities of four major pollutants, namely carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, non-methane volatile organic compounds, and fine particulate matter in urban and other areas were calculated.

The annual balances of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide at the Vygonoshchanskoye peat deposit were studied using chamber-static and chamber-dynamic methods under the predominance of ruderal synanthropic plant associations, mainly dioecious nettle (Urtica dioica). The total net ecosystem exchange at the studied monitoring site amounted to 951.89 g C m^–2 yr^–1, methane absorption amounted to –0.16 g C m^–2 yr^–1, and nitrous oxide emissions were 0.55 g N m^–2 yr^–1. Thus, in terms of CO₂-equivalent and taking into account the molar mass, the total annual greenhouse gas balance was 40.17 tons of CO₂-eq. ha^–1 yr^–1. A comparative characterization of the results obtained with similar measurements at monitoring sites with a predominance of meadow grasses, canary (Phalaris arudinacea) and sitnik (Juncus effuses) showed a significant dependence of greenhouse gas fluxes on the groundwater level, the thickness and composition of peat deposits, seasonality and temperature factors, as well as on the species composition of the growing vegetation.

The assessment of the biogenic pollution of the reservoirs of Vileysko-Minskaya water system: Vileyskoye, Zaslavskoye, Krinitsa, Drozdy is presented. The internal and external factors of their waters quality formation, including the hydrological parameters of the reservoirs themselves and the ecological state of their catchment basins, are considered. More favorable combination of these factors has been established for Vileiskye reservoir due to the larger volume of its water mass and the high forest cover of the catchment basins.

 The levels and seasonal features of the total mineralization of the waters of the reservoirs under consideration and the concentration of nutrients in them are determined. The maximum mineralization for all reservoirs in winter season and higher repeatability of biogenic pollution for large reservoirs – Zaslavskoye (37 % of cases) and Vileyskoye (35 %), compared with small ones – Krinitsa and Drozdy (each has 22 % of cases) were identified. The excess of the environmental standards of the substances content in the waters of reservoirs that cause their eutrophication is shown.

 Water protection measures are proposed to reduce the flow of biogenic substances into reservoirs, including the development and implementation of basin management plans for them, the introduction of soil protection technologies for processing agricultural land and improving fertilizer application technologies, the creation and observance of water protection zone regimes.

We analyzed the dynamics of overgrowth and the species composition of macrophytes in eight acidotrophic Belarusian lakes. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that acidotrophic lakes, which are places where protected plant species grow, are most sensitive to changes in the environment and anthropogenic load. Therefore, their study allows us to identify changes occurring in watersheds and take measures aimed at protecting lake ecosystems.

 The most pronounced changes in the nature of overgrowth are observed in lakes Svityaz and Beloe (Luninets district), which experience high recreational pressure, as well as Bolshoe Ostrovito. For 30 years in Lake Svityaz, the depth of distribution of submerged macrophytes decreased from 7 to 2 m, and the abundance and projective cover of semisubmerged macrophytes increased. In Lake Beloe Isoëtes lacustris L. disappeared almost completely. 20 years ago, it formed a solid layer of submerged plants. Previously absent strip of aerial-aquatic plants formed. The total area of overgrowth of the lake decreased from 35.0 % of lake area to 3.2 %. In Lake Bolshoe Ostrovito water moss has almost disappeared. Previously it distributed at depths of 3–5 m.

In other studied lakes, the change in the area of overgrowth is less pronounced. The main reasons for the degradation of macrophytes are an increase in anthropogenic load and changes in the hydrological regime.

The results of geochemical studies of bottom sediments of riverbed ponds in the city of Nesvizh are presented. The features of the distribution of heavy metals (HM) in bottom sediments and the relationship of elements  in the bottom sediments – soil system in urban conditions are considered.

 Characteristic of the city's bottom sediments (Cu–Zn–Ni and Cd–Pb) have been identified. The formation of strong correlations in the formation of associations in both sediments and soils (Cu–Zn) was noted. The association of Cu–Zn–Ni and ash content is determined.

 Factor loads are calculated. The factors responsible for the formation of a man-made environment have been identified: emissions from non-industrial combustion plants in residential buildings, as well as from road transport and mobile sources. A cartographic diagram of factor loads has been constructed. The interpretation of geochemical data has been performed.

The methodological aspects of study, soil monitoring and soil-geochemical research are analyzed from the point of view of approaches and methods for soil pollution assessment in order to identify differences and inconsistencies in the technical regulatory legal acts (TRLA) regulating these works. The analysis is carried out on the basis of TRLA valid in Belarus and literary sources, taking into account the experience in scientific researches, local soil monitoring and engineering-geoecological surveys. The inconsistencies and contradictions of the current TRLA in terms of the sampling network, the sampling sites size, sampling depth and soil quality standards are shown. The necessity of improving of the normative and methodological support for soil pollution study and assessment in terms of hygienic standards differentiation for chemicals concentrations in soils, depending on the categories and types of land use; the methodological approach unification of soil pollution study and assessment during the monitoring, soil pollution control and engineering-geoecological surveys; more precise regulation of the sample sites size and the sampling network density, depending on the purpose of soil pollution study and assessment are explained.

The article describes the experience of field geomagnetic observations, in particular the use of areal, route and synchronous stationary geomagnetic survey techniques at geodynamic polygons in Belarus, applicable for similar work on the territory of the Belarusian Antarctic Station. Options for methods use at geodynamic ranges in Belarus are described, as well as the results of their implementation during fieldwork at the Belarusian Antarctic Station. Geological and geophysical research on the territory of Antarctica includes the annual monitoring of variations in the geomagnetic field, the cappametric measurements of rock properties, the radiometric surveying of bedrock outcrops, and the spot sampling of clastic rock removal areas. In 2021, a micromagnetic map of Vechernegorskaya territory was built. In 2022, a detailed design plan for the establishment of a geodynamic test site on Vechernegorskaya territory was proposed. Before implementation as a part of the Antarctic research, all three methods were tested and implemented at geodynamic testing sites on the territory of Belarus.

The article presents mathematical models for calculating of the temperature and heat of the phase transition of bound water into ice, as well as the flow of moisture and water-soluble compounds under the influence of temperature gradients, hydrostatic pressure and the concentration of water-soluble compounds in freezing dispersed media.  It has been shown that the determining factor in the strength of saline rocks at negative temperatures is the content of the corresponding amount of unfrozen water, regardless of what causes it; temperature, salt concentration in the pore solution, or their combined influence. The principles of the use of equilibrium thermodynamics, the thermodynamics of irreversible processes and long-range surface forces for calculating of the formation of the strength properties of frozen rocks are presented.

Based on the analysis of satellite images of the territories of peat deposits in Vitebsk, Grodno and Minsk regions of Belarus and the database developed in GIS format, the assessment of their current state was carried out. Actual data on the peat deposits area use, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics have been obtained, which allows the estimation of the remaining peat reserves. The total analyzation in Vitebsk region – 1521, in Grodno region – 393 and in Minsk region – 1197 explored peat deposits (with an area of more than 10 hectares), the total area of which is 362.0; 165.1 and 575.2 thousand hectares, respectively. The remaining geological reserves of peat in Vitebsk region are 1120.9 million tons, in Grodno region – 252.7 million, in Minsk region – 1062.5 million tons. Analysis of satellite images of the territories of the peat deposits of the studied regions showed that 55 % of the areas of peat bogs in Vitebsk region are in undisturbed condition (natural peat bogs).

The work provides materials on the assessing of the antimicrobial properties of the sorbents of various formulations based on peat. The effectiveness of their bacteriostatic properties has been shown. The obtained results indicate prolonged bacteriostatic effect of the sorbents. The studies have been conducted to assess their harmlessness, toxicity and biological value for animals. Low efficiency of sawdust in deep litter in poultry farming has been shown. The obtained results confirm the conclusion about high enterosorption activity of peat and organomineral materials based on peat having positive effect on the physiological processes of poultry development due to the sorption and removal of mycotoxins and heavy metals.

Sphagnum mosses and little-decomposed sphagnum peat are labile carbohydrate-containing raw materials, most of the organic matter of which is represented by the polysaccharides of various structures. Many polysaccharides of plant origin have biological activity and can be considered to be potential raw material for the obtaining preparations for various purposes for medicine, veterinary medicine and plant growing.

 Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum fuscum and sphagnum magellanicum and fuscum peat of low degree of  decomposition (10 %) sphagnum mosses were objects of research. Polysaccharides are isolated from these raw materials after delignification. The yield of polysaccharides from the holocellulose of fuscum moss was 5.3 %, for magellanicum moss – 4.9, for fuscum peat – 20.6, for magellanicum peat 18.6 % of the organic mass. Polysaccharides were also isolated from the original moss and peat samples by Kochetkov method – by extraction with the mixture of oxalic acid and ammonium oxalate after water-soluble compounds removal. The yield of polysaccharides by this method is much lower and was 1.2 % for fuscum moss; 1.4 % for magellanicum moss, 4.2 % for fuscum peat, and 4.6 % for magellanicum peat per organic mass. All polysaccharides had the same monosaccharide composition regardless of the initial raw material and isolation method. The mass fraction of uronic acids in the polysaccharide samples isolated from moss and peat holocellulose was 17.3–20.1 %. The content of uronic acids was somewhat lower and was in the range of 16.8–18.4 % For pectins isolated by Kochetkov method.

High content of uronic acids and the relatively low level of monosaccharides in the acidic hydrolysates of the isolated polysaccharides suggest these compounds belong to the acidic polysaccharides of pectin class in which neutral  monosac charides associated with uronic acids are hardly hydrolyzed with the formation of aldobi- and triuronic acids, due to the free monosaccharide content in hydrolysates is not high

The results of changes in the composition and properties of humic substances during their sequential extraction from peat and brown coal of various origin are presented. When extracting from peat raw materials during the first treatment, no more than 30 masses are extracted % of the content of humic substances. This figure is about 50 masses are extracted % for brown coal. It has been shown that depending on the raw material, the extraction of humic substances occurs unevenly. The results of elemental and thermal analyzes did not reveal significant differences in the structure of the fractions isolated sequentially from caustobiolites.

The article examines, on a formal legal basis, the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in terms of waste management, with an emphasis on comparing the conceptual apparatus, the system of state regulation, state and public control (supervision) in the field of waste management, and liability for environmental violations.