The article considers the specific temporal features of long-period changes in Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) as well the frequency of the occurrence of the western form of the atmospheric circulation according to G. Ya. Vangengeim – A. A. Geers. Special attention was paid to the analyzing of quasi-sixty-year, quasi-nine-year and quasi-eight-year oscillations in the change of AMO and NAO. The climatic system is considered as an oscillatory system, where in case of the coincidence or proximity of the natural frequencies of oscillations with the frequencies of energetically weak external impacts repeated in time, the resonances and beating of different time scales can occur. This hypothesis was confirmed in the article: the superposition of the natural oscillations of AMO and oscillations related to planetary influences on the climate system was established. The world ocean is considered as the main link of the climate system auto oscillations.

   Numerical experiments based on the mesoscale WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model, atmospheric water balance model and Earth remote sensing data, have been carried out to assess potential climate changes in Gomel Polesie in the warm period of the year (April – September) under the scenarios of re-swamping and reforestation of lands in this region: changes in temperature, precipitation, the fluxes of apparent and latent heat during daytime and nighttime have been calculated. The climatic effect of melioration is achieved mainly due to changes in albedo, evapotranspiration and underlying surface roughness, which together affect the radiation and heat balance of the underlying surface, convective processes in the planetary boundary layer of the atmosphere, cloudiness and precipitation. Numerical experiments show that, as the result of re-swamping there would be a general decrease in air temperature in the region by 0.2–0.3 ºC. The maximum change in latent heat flux was about +0.66 W/m², which means an increase in monthly evaporation by 6.1 mm. Temperature variations throughout the day decreased by 0.8 ºC on average. The increase in evaporation from the underlying surface leads to an increase in the mass fraction of water vapor not only in Gomel Polesie, but also over the whole territory of Belarus. On average for the summer period, the increase of specific humidity of air at 2 m was 4.5 %. The influence of watering of the territory of Gomel Polesie on atmospheric precipitation is ambiguous: the maximum increase in precipitation for the warm season of 2010 was observed for June – July and was about 2.7 % of the norm. The effect of reforestation in numerical experiments was manifested in the decrease of average daily air temperature by 0.3–0.4 ºС (the maximum was observed in the east of Homiel region), the amplitude decrease of daily temperature cycle by 0.9–1.4 ºС and the maximum increase of average monthly evaporation during the growing season by 14 mm.

   The article presents a complex geoinformation system for the validity of hydrodynamic weather forecasts improving, including updated and promptly updated on the basis of the remote sensing data spatial distributions of the physical parameters of the underlying surface, the sets of the parameterizations of atmospheric processes at the grid scale and blocks of the data assimilation from ground-based meteorological, aerological and radar observations adapted for the territory of Belarus. It is shown that the data assimilation of meteorological and aerological stations allows reducing the
probability of absolute errors in surface pressure forecast ≥ 3 hPa by 5 %. The assimilation of radar data reduces the mean-square error of surface wind speed forecast by 0.33-0.74 m/s at an advance time within 24 h, and allows more accurate forecasting of the territorial distribution of convective systems and precipitation areas at early hours of the forecast (up to 12 h). The clarification of the land use structure and underlying surface parameters on the base of operational satellite data provides an increase in the validity of the short-term hydrodynamic forecast of surface air temperature in Belarus by 4-9 % with maximum manifestation in Minsk, Gomel and Grodno regions in the cold period of a year.

   The features of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation on the territory of Minsk for the period from 2018 to 2022 are characterized based on an analysis of the results of monitoring the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation at the experimental site of the Institute of Environmental Management of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. The main attention is paid to sulfur and nitrogen compounds – the major acidifying and eutrophicating compounds in atmospheric precipitation. It was established that the average annual suspended sulfur content in precipitation during the study period varied from 0.29 mg S/l (2018) to 0.47 mg S/l (2021), oxidized nitrogen – from 0.21 mg N /l (2019) to 0.43 mg N/l (2020), reduced nitrogen – from 0.20 mg N/l (2019) to 0.89 mg N/l (2020). A comparison was made of observation data on the chemical composition of precipitation in Minsk with the dynamics of sulfur and nitrogen content in precipitation at Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the long-range transmissions of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP Program) stations; the main attention is paid to stations located in neighboring countries to Belarus. The most noticeable deviation of the average annual content in atmospheric precipitation in Minsk from the range of concentration fluctuations during the period under review at EMEP stations is typical for refurbished nitrogen in 2020. The comparison was made of the values of atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen based on observation data on the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Minsk with the calculated values of dry and wet deposition of sulfur and nitrogen obtained within the framework of the EMEP Program. It has been established that the model values of annual wet deposition are generally close to those calculated from monitoring data at the experimental site. The maximum levels of the deposition of both sulfur and nitrogen, according to modeling by the EMEP Program, are typical for 2020; for the same year is characterized by peak levels of fallout and according to measurements at the experimental site. The convergence of series of annual weighted average sulfur content in precipitation in Minsk and at background monitoring stations in the European territory of Russian Federation (ETR) was revealed.

   The results of a study of hydromorphological indicators of urban reservoirs are presented in the article. Typification was carried out and characteristic features inherent in the reservoirs of urbanized areas of south-west Belarus were identified. Based on the characteristics of hydromorphological indicators of urban reservoirs and their catchments (the origin of the reservoir, the nature of the location, the nature of water exchange, the type of pits, the type of bank slope, the average annual fluctuation in water level, the length of the strip of natural coastal vegetation, the nature of the catchment area, maximum length, maximum width, square of water mirrors, bankline length, maximum depth, average depth, degree of bankline development, elongation factor, lithological composition of the soil of the coast and shallow water, as well as the possibility of use in contact and non-contact types of recreation the recreational attractiveness of reservoirs in urbanized areas was assessed using the indicators we developed – the level of recreational significance and the level of anthropogenic transformation. It has been determined that almost all reservoirs of urbanized areas in the south-west of Belarus are characterized by an average or low level of recreational significance. 66.7 % of the studied reservoirs are characterized by an unfavorable indicator of the safety reservoirs used for recreation, sports and tourism. It is shown that urban reservoirs in the southwest of Belarus are characterized by different levels of anthropogenic transformation. It has been established that reservoirs in urbanized areas are characterized by a low indicator of recreational attractiveness.

   Polystyrene is one of the most widely produced and used polymers, which, when released into the environment, disperses with air masses and surface runoff. The article presents the results of a study of the content of polystyrene particles in the coastal zone of the stream Myshka and Loshitsa river, Minsk. Field research was carried out using the route method with visual identification of waste polystyrene foam and polystyrene granules along the coastline (in water, on soil and vegetation). The total length of the route was about 9 km. It has been established that the coastal zones of the stream Myshka and Loshitsa river is contaminated along almost its entire length with fragments of polystyrene foam boards, foamed and expanding polystyrene granules. Particle sizes vary from 1-2 mm to several centimeters. The most polluted areas are the floodplain in the middle part of the stream Myshka near an enterprise for the production of polystyrene foam boards and the area of technological ponds in the South-Western part of Minsk. A high level of pollution of the coastal zone is typical for the floodplain areas of the stream Myshka and Loshitsa river, where natural barriers of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation have formed. It has been established that the sources of polystyrene particles are the surface waters of the stream Myshka, in the upper reaches of which there is an enterprise for the production of polystyrene foam boards, as well as storm water from sewers that drain a significant part of the urban area. The need for further research examining the content of microplastic particles using laboratory methods is discussed.

   The main factors of halite waste storage impact on groundwater quality and soil salinity in technogenically disturbed ecosystems are considered. It is shown that groundwater salinisation is most intensive in the immediate vicinity of halite waste storage sites, but the chloride content increases with time. The main factor determining the spread of salinisation is the flow direction to the north and east to the Sivelga and Sluch rivers. The content of chloride ions in the soil was found to decrease with distance from the heap and in the soil horizon, but even at a distance of 300 m it remains high enough, which allows us to attribute the soil to a high degree of salinisation. In model experiments the positive effect of peat application of different degree of decomposition on soil acidity and reduction of chloride content by 27–37 % was shown. Among tested agricultural crops the greatest tolerance to chloride content in soil was possessed by beetroot, barley and bluegrass.

   The article shows the importance of sowing winter grain crops in autumn at optimal times, taking into account the relief and mechanical composition of the soil. The change of sowing dates of winter wheat on the territory of Belarus taking into account the forecast air temperature for September is shown. The optimal timing of sowing winter wheat for administrative regions and districts has been determined. Using the example of Logoisk district of Minsk region, the optimal timing of sowing winter wheat for a specific field was calculated, taking into account the forecast of air temperature for September and the microclimate of the field (topography, soil texture). The results obtained can become the basis for planning the optimal timing of sowing winter grain crops at all levels (from administrative regions and districts to farms).

   A reconstruction of the paleolandscapes of the area of Central Belarus for the warmest phase of the Muravian interglacial climatic optimum was carried out. The basis for the reconstruction was paleogeomorphological scheme based on the data of borehole sections, data on the composition of the flora and vegetation features obtained as the result of palynological studies. Paleogeomorphological reconstructions based on the nature of the relief and the properties of the underlying rocks made it possible to identify 7 genera of landscapes, which are divided into 12 species according to the depth of groundwater and the type of forest vegetation. These species can be divided into 19 subspecies reflecting a more detailed composition of forest associations.

   A numerical geofiltration model (NGFM) of underground water in the area bounded by the Vilia, Oshmyanka, Losha and Gozovka rivers has been developed. The nuclear power complex of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant (Belarusian NPP) is located in the centre of the modelled area. The model reproduces the groundwater, Dnieper-Sozh, Berezina-Dnieper, Brinevsky, and Silurian-Devonian aquifers, as well as their separating low-permeability layers, relief, and river network. The NGFM of the object is implemented based on ModTech software by Geolink (Moscow). The created model simulates the filtration of underground water in stationary setting. Based on the simulation results, natural water resources are evaluated with their breakdown into underground water runoff into rivers and groundwater discharge through evaporation. The structure of the water balance of underground and surface waters is established, and the maps of the intensity of groundwater infiltration feeding and water exchange between the Dnieper-Sozh and groundwater aquifers are constructed. The created NGFM serves as geofiltration basis for numerical modelling of groundwater migration in the area of Belarusian NPP.

   The place of sapropel resources in the system of the National Wealth of the Republic of Belarus is assessed. A list of promising deposits for development has been compiled. Objects with preferable mining and geological conditions and previously created infrastructure were selected that had been studied in detail, are currently being actively developed and were previously in operation. According to the geological and economic assessment of the detailed studied sapropel deposits the cost and net present value of the recoverable sapropel reserves of representative deposits were established. The estimated value of promising sapropel resources in Belarus as for January 1, 2024 is $1.18 billion.

   The method of the utilisation of the hydrocarbon-containing wastes of oil products refining by the pyrolysis of their mixtures with peat in mobile and stationary layers with liquid and gaseous products obtaining and the reduction of the ecologically dangerous emissions of pollutants is proposed. It is established that depending on the conditions of pyrolysis process it is possible to obtain different target product. At the pyrolysis of the mixtures of peat with oil sludge in a stationary layer (at heating rate of 8 ºС/min) the greatest energy productivity is achieved by liquid tar obtaining (output is 40–55 %). At the same time, medium-speed (30–40 ºС/min) pyrolysis in a moving bed makes it possible to obtain greater energy productivity due to the gas component (gas output – 65–70 %). Thus, the comparative analysis of pyrolysis results showed that pyrolysis in a moving lawyer is more appropriate for gaseous products obtaining, in a stationary lawyer – for liquid tar obtaining. An increase in the addition of paraffin-containing waste to peat during pyrolysis in the stationary lawyer leads to a significant increase in the liquid fraction (up to 67 % of the initial peat). The qualitative composition of pyrolysis gas also changes, the content of unsaturated hydrocarbons and methane increases, which leads to an increase in the heat of the combustion of pyrolysis gas compared to the original peat. The obtained results on the pyrolysis of mixed compositions on the base of oil sludge (two types) and peat have shown that the specified method of their utilisation can be estimated as acceptable in terms of liquid and gaseous energy carriers obtaining, but in terms of the balance of costs, economic indicators and other factors still requires serious additional study.

   The component composition of samples of mature and buried wood in peat deposits was studied. Differences in the component composition of buried wood samples are shown, indicating the heterogeneous nature of the deposit areas in terms of the botanical composition of peat-forming plants, the degree of decomposition, as well as different depths of the recovered samples. Samples of mature and buried wood were studied by IR spectroscopy. The spectra of the studied samples of buried wood are close to each other both in the set of absorption bands and in their intensity, which indicates similar chemical composition of the studied samples. The same fact is observed in case of the spectra of deciduous wood samples (birch, oak, alder). A comparative analysis of the IR spectra of buried and mature wood showed a difference in the absorption region of carbonyl groups (the band at 1732 cm^–1, present in the spectra of mature coniferous wood (pellets)), is not observed in the spectrum of buried, which may be due to the interaction of these functional groups in buried wood with ions of ash elements of a peat deposit, it was established that the main processes of samples thermal decomposition occur in a rather narrow temperature range compared to peat – from 301 to 386 ºC, while 61 to 72 % of the organic mass decomposes, the maximum rate of thermolysis, is in the range of 358–362 ºC for both mature and buried wood, with the exception of oak, which has a temperature maximum at 347 ºC.

   The influence of forms and concentrations of trace elements in the composition of granulated organomineral fertilizers on their transition from granules to aqueous extract and its biological (growth-stimulating) activity was studied to substantiate the compositions and technology for new types of organomineral fertilizers obtaining. A significant difference in the value of the transition of microelements for the salt and chelated forms from granular organomineral fertilizers to the water-soluble form available for plants and the effect of temperature treatment of granules are shown. It was found that when copper and zinc were used in the form of inorganic salt, the maximum biological (growth-stimulating) activity was observed for low concentrations at the drying temperature of granular organomineral fertilizers at 90–125 ºС, for high concentrations – at 110 ºС. When using copper in chelate form, the maximum biological (growth-stimulating) activity was observed for low and high concentrations at the drying temperature of granular organomineral fertilizers at 25 ºС, for medium concentrations – at 90–110 ºС. When using zinc chelate, the maximum biological (growth-stimulating) activity was observed for low concentration at the drying temperature of granular organomineral fertilizers at 125 ºС, for high concentration – at 110 ºС.

   Inorganic and organic salts of iron, as well as its complex compounds with dextrins and various polymers are widely used in animal breeding for the treatment and prevention of anemia. Means for prevention and treatment of anemia in animals can be created on the base of iron complexes with humic substances. Technological parameters of peat oxidation have been established, in the process of which there is a significant increase in the amount of oxygen-containing functional groups in the composition of humic acids. The method of introduction of iron ions into liquid humic preparation was developed. Freshly prepared iron (III) hydroxide obtained by interaction of iron (III) chloride with sodium hydroxide was used as an iron-containing compound. Preliminary evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of ferrohumate-containing preparation on laboratory animals against experimental iron deficiency anemia showed that it contains iron assimilable by ane animal body, capable of binding to blood proteins and being included in the processes of hematopoiesis. Oral administration of ferrogumate to white rats for 5 days at the rate of 0.7 mg of iron per head per day activates the hematopoietic system of animals. Oral administration of ferrogumate to white rats for 10 days (two courses of 5 days with an interval of 2 days) at the same dose increases iron reserves and levels the manifestation of experimental iron deficiency anemia, which is confirmed by the results of laboratory blood tests.

   The volumes of mushrooms industrial production, unlike many agricultural areas, are growing every year due to the ability to obtain finished products with high content of complete food protein all year round and independence from weather conditions. However, the main limiting factor for its development in the Republic of Belarus is the lack of domestic substrate. To grow mushrooms, the substrate should contain full set of macro- and microelements necessary for their growth and development. Balanced and properly selected nutrient substrate will help ensure high and stable yield throughout the entire production process. For this purpose, a group analysis of nutrient substrates was carried out at the fermentation stage in the mushroom growing process. It has been shown that during the preparation (ripening) of the substrate, changes occur in its group composition, in particular, an increase in the proportion of humic substances is observed due to a decrease in the content of lignin, cellulose and easily hydrolyzed substances.

   The results of a comparative study in the southern agroclimatic zone of Belarus of the biochemical composition and levels of antioxidant and enzymatic activity of fruits of 6 new introduced varieties of highbush blueberries: early ripening Chanticleer and Hannah's Choice, mid-ripening Bluegold and Harrison, late ripening Aurora and Rubel, as well as those corresponding to these ripeness groups released varieties Weymouth, Bluecrop and Elliott. A significant dependence of their biochemical composition, as well as antioxidant and enzymatic activities on the plant genotype was revealed. It was found that the tested early-ripening varieties were 1.7 and 2.0 times inferior to the Weymouth variety in terms of fruit quality, and the mid-ripening varieties were 2.3 and 8.0 times superior to the standard Bluecrop variety in this regard, with the greatest differences in the Bluegold variety, which was superior to the Harrison variety in the quality composition of the fruits by 3.5 times, while the late-ripening variety Aurora was 2.5 times behind the Elliott variety in terms of the integral level of nutritional and vitamin value of fruits, and the Rubel variety, on the contrary, surpassed it in this regard by 4.5 times, exceeding this indicator in varieties Aurora by 11.3 times. In the corresponding taxonomic groups, the leading position in the qualitative composition of fruits of the varieties Weymouth, Bluegold and Rubel is justified. It was found that the highest antioxidant and enzymatic activity of fruits was characterized by late-ripening blueberry varieties – Elliott and especially Rubel, while the lowest – by the mid-ripening variety Bluecrop. It was revealed that both tested early-ripening varieties and the late-ripening Aurora lag behind the corresponding zoned varieties in terms of antioxidant, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activity of fruits and that both tested mid-ripening varieties and the late-ripening Rubel variety exceeded the reference level of these indicators. A complete coincidence of highbush blueberry varietal series was established in terms of changes in the levels of antioxidant and enzymatic activity of the fruit, as well as the integral level of their nutritional and vitamin value based on the totality of biochemical characteristics.